Open Access

Search for new physics in low-energy electron recoils from the first LZ exposure

J. Aalbers^1,2, D. S. Akerib^1,2, A. K. Al Musalhi³, F. Alder⁴, C. S. Amarasinghe⁵, A. Ames^1,2, T. J. Anderson^1,2, N. Angelides⁶, H. M. Araújo⁶ et al. (LZ Collaboration)

H. M. Araújo⁶, J. E. Armstrong⁷, M. Arthurs^1,2, A. Baker⁶, S. Balashov⁸, J. Bang⁹, J. W. Bargemann¹⁰, A. Baxter¹¹, K. Beattie¹², P. Beltrame⁴, T. Benson¹³, A. Bhatti⁷, A. Biekert^12,14, T. P. Biesiadzinski^1,2, H. J. Birch⁵, G. M. Blockinger¹⁵, B. Boxer¹⁶, C. A. J. Brew⁸, P. Brás¹⁷, S. Burdin¹¹, M. Buuck^1,2, M. C. Carmona-Benitez¹⁸, C. Chan⁹, A. Chawla¹⁹, H. Chen¹², J. J. Cherwinka¹³, N. I. Chott²⁰, M. V. Converse²¹, A. Cottle^3,22, G. Cox^18,23, D. Curran²³, C. E. Dahl^22,24, A. David⁴, J. Delgaudio²³, S. Dey³, L. de Viveiros¹⁸, C. Ding⁹, J. E. Y. Dobson²⁵, E. Druszkiewicz²¹, S. R. Eriksen²⁶, A. Fan^1,2, N. M. Fearon³, S. Fiorucci¹², H. Flaecher²⁶, E. D. Fraser¹¹, T. M. A. Fruth^4,27, R. J. Gaitskell⁹, A. Geffre²³, J. Genovesi²⁰, C. Ghag⁴, R. Gibbons^12,14, S. Gokhale²⁸, J. Green³, M. G. D. van der Grinten⁸, C. R. Hall⁷, S. Han^1,2, E. Hartigan-O’Connor⁹, S. J. Haselschwardt¹², D. Q. Huang²⁹, S. A. Hertel^30,*, G. Heuermann⁵, M. Horn²³, D. Hunt³, C. M. Ignarra^1,2, O. Jahangir⁴, R. S. James⁴, J. Johnson¹⁶, A. C. Kaboth¹⁹, A. C. Kamaha²⁹, D. Khaitan²¹, A. Khazov⁸, I. Khurana⁴, J. Kim¹⁰, J. Kingston¹⁶, R. Kirk⁹, D. Kodroff^18,†, L. Korley⁵, E. V. Korolkova³¹, H. Kraus³, S. Kravitz^12,32, L. Kreczko²⁶, B. Krikler²⁶, V. A. Kudryavtsev³¹, E. A. Leason³³, J. Lee³⁴, D. S. Leonard³⁴, K. T. Lesko¹², C. Levy¹⁵, J. Lin^12,14, A. Lindote¹⁷, R. Linehan^1,2, W. H. Lippincott^10,22, X. Liu³³, M. I. Lopes¹⁷, E. Lopez Asamar¹⁷, W. Lorenzon⁵, C. Lu⁹, D. Lucero²³, S. Luitz¹, P. A. Majewski⁸, A. Manalaysay¹², R. L. Mannino³⁵, C. Maupin²³, M. E. McCarthy²¹, G. McDowell⁵, D. N. McKinsey^12,14, J. McLaughlin²⁴, E. H. Miller^1,2, E. Mizrachi^7,35, A. Monte^10,22, M. E. Monzani^1,2,36, J. D. Morales Mendoza^1,2, E. Morrison²⁰, B. J. Mount³⁷, M. Murdy³⁰, A. St. J. Murphy^33,‡, D. Naim¹⁶, A. Naylor³¹, C. Nedlik³⁰, H. N. Nelson¹⁰, F. Neves¹⁷, A. Nguyen³³, J. A. Nikoleyczik¹³, I. Olcina^12,14, K. C. Oliver-Mallory⁶, J. Orpwood³¹, K. J. Palladino^3,13, J. Palmer¹⁹, N. Parveen¹⁵, S. J. Patton¹², B. Penning⁵, G. Pereira¹⁷, E. Perry⁴, T. Pershing³⁵, A. Piepke³⁸, S. Poudel³⁸, Y. Qie²¹, J. Reichenbacher²⁰, C. A. Rhyne⁹, Q. Riffard¹², G. R. C. Rischbieter⁵, H. S. Riyat³³, R. Rosero²⁸, T. Rushton³¹, D. Rynders²³, D. Santone¹⁹, A. B. M. R. Sazzad³⁸, R. W. Schnee²⁰, S. Shaw³³, T. Shutt^1,2, J. J. Silk⁷, C. Silva¹⁷, G. Sinev²⁰, R. Smith^12,14, V. N. Solovov¹⁷, P. Sorensen¹², J. Soria^12,14, I. Stancu³⁸, A. Stevens^4,6, K. Stifter²², B. Suerfu^12,14, T. J. Sumner⁶, M. Szydagis¹⁵, W. C. Taylor⁹, D. J. Temples²⁴, D. R. Tiedt²³, M. Timalsina^12,20, Z. Tong⁶, D. R. Tovey³¹, J. Tranter³¹, M. Trask¹⁰, M. Tripathi¹⁶, D. R. Tronstad²⁰, W. Turner¹¹, A. Vacheret⁶, A. C. Vaitkus⁹, A. Wang^1,2, J. J. Wang³⁸, Y. Wang^12,14, J. R. Watson^12,14, R. C. Webb³⁹, L. Weeldreyer³⁸, T. J. Whitis¹⁰, M. Williams⁵, W. J. Wisniewski¹, F. L. H. Wolfs²¹, S. Woodford¹¹, D. Woodward¹⁸, C. J. Wright²⁶, Q. Xia¹², X. Xiang^9,28, J. Xu³⁵, M. Yeh²⁸, and E. A. Zweig²⁹ (LZ Collaboration)

¹SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025-7015, USA
²Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085, USA
³University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
⁴University College London (UCL), Department of Physics and Astronomy, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
⁵University of Michigan, Randall Laboratory of Physics, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
⁶Imperial College London, Physics Department, Blackett Laboratory, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
⁷University of Maryland, Department of Physics, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
⁸STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
⁹Brown University, Department of Physics, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9037, USA
¹⁰University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Physics, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9530, USA
¹¹University of Liverpool, Department of Physics, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
¹²Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720-8099, USA
¹³University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
¹⁴University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
¹⁵University at Albany (SUNY), Department of Physics, Albany, New York 12222-0100, USA
¹⁶University of California, Davis, Department of Physics, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
¹⁷Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), University of Coimbra, P-3004 516 Coimbra, Portugal
¹⁸Pennsylvania State University, Department of Physics, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
¹⁹Royal Holloway, University of London, Department of Physics, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
²⁰South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701-3901, USA
²¹University of Rochester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA
²²Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, Illinois 60510-5011, USA
²³South Dakota Science and Technology Authority (SDSTA), Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota 57754-1700, USA
²⁴Northwestern University, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3112, USA
²⁵King’s College London, Department of Physics, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
²⁶University of Bristol, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
²⁷The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Physics Road, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
²⁸Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
²⁹University of Califonia, Los Angeles, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
³⁰University of Massachusetts, Department of Physics, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9337, USA
³¹University of Sheffield, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
³²University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
³³University of Edinburgh, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
³⁴IBS Center for Underground Physics (CUP), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
³⁵Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94550-9698, USA
³⁶Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, V-00120, Vatican City State
³⁷Black Hills State University, School of Natural Sciences, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799-0002, USA
³⁸University of Alabama, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34587-0324, USA
³⁹Texas A&M University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA

^*shertel@umass.edu
^†dkodroff@psu.edu
^‡a.s.murphy@ed.ac.uk

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Phys. Rev. D 108, 072006 – Published 9 October, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.072006

Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment’s first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics including solar axion electron coupling, solar neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge, and electron couplings to galactic axionlike particles and hidden photons. Similar limits are set on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter producing signals through ionized atomic states from the Migdal effect.

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Phys. Rev. D 108, 072006– Published 9 October, 2023

Vol. 108, Iss. 7 — 1 October 2023

Received 28 July 2023
Accepted 12 September 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.072006

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Search for new physics in low-energy electron recoils from the first LZ exposure

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