We calculate the cross section for hadroproduction of a pair of heavy quarks in a ${}^{3}S_1$ color-singlet state at next-to-leading order in QCD. This corresponds to the leading contribution in the nonrelativistic QCD expansion for $J/\psi$ and ${\rm Y}$ production. The higher-order corrections have a large impact on the $p_T$ distributions, enhancing the production at high $p_T$ at both the Fermilab Tevatron and the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The total decay rate of a ${}^{3}S_1$ into hadrons at next-to-leading order is also computed, confirming for the first time the result obtained by Mackenzie and Lepage in 1981.

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